Susceptibility of four bee species (Hymenoptera:Apoidea) to field weathered insecticide residues
Abstract
Deltamethrin, methamidophos, methidathion, methyl parathion, pennethrin, phosmet, pyridaben, thiocarb, and trichlorfon can all be applied in late evening with minimal hazard to bumble bees. Deltamethrin, fonnetanate, pyridaben and thiocarb can be applied in late evening with minimal hazard to honey bees. Deltamethrin, pyridaben and trichlorfon can be applied in late evening with minimal hazard to alkali bees. Deltamethrin, pyridaben and trichlorfon can be applied in late evening with minimal hazard to alfalfa leaf cutter bees. In general the typical pattern of bee susceptibility to insecticide residues was the alfalfa leaf cutter bee was more susceptible than alkali bee which was more susceptible than the honey bee which was more susceptible than the bumble bee.
Key words: Insecticides; honey bees; alfalfa leaf cutter bees; alkali bees; bumble bees; toxicity
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