Seasonal flight pattern of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Curculioniae), in Central British Columbia
Keywords:
Coleoptera, Curculioniae, pheromone, trapping, dispersal, subalpine firAbstract
Seasonal flight pattern of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, in stands of subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt., in north-central British Columbia was monitored for three years using multiple-funnel traps baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin. There were two major flight periods per year, the first commencing in mid- to late June, and the second occurring in mid- to late August. The first flight was predominantly males, while the second flight was composed primarily of females, probably reemerged parent adults. Little flight occurred until within-stand temperatures exceeded 15ºC. Traps placed 6 m above ground caught 4 times as many beetles as traps placed 2 m above ground. Our results indicate that semio-chemical-based manipulation of the western balsam bark beetle should be implemented by early May.References
Amman, G.D. 1973. Population changes of the mountain pine beetle in relation to elevation. Environ. Entomol. 2: 541-547.
Amman, G.D., and W.E. Cole. 1983. Mountain pine beetle dynamics in lodgepole pine forests Part II: Population dynamics. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-145. 59 p.
Anderbrandt, O., F. Schlyter, and G. Birgersson. 1985. Intraspecific competition affecting parents and offspring in the bark beetle Ips typographus. Oikos 45: 89-98.
Ashraf, M., and A.A. Berryman. 1969. Biology of Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Abies grandis in northern Idaho. Melanderia 2: 1-23.
Banner, A., W. MacKenzie, S. Haeussler, S. Thomson, J. Pojar, and R. Trowbridge. 1993. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Prince Rupert Forest Region. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria, B.C., Land Management Handbook No. 26. 152 pages.
Bartos, D.L., and G.D. Amman. 1989. Microclimate: an alternative to tree vigor as a basis for mountain pine beetle infestations. USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. Int-400. Ogden, Utah. 10 p.
Bentz, B.J. 2006. Mountain pine beetle population sampling: inferences from Lindgren pheromone traps and tree emergence cages. Can. J. For. Res. 36: 351–360.
Bhaktan, N.M.G., J.H. Borden, and K.K. Nair. 1970. Fine structure of degenerating and regenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips confusus. I. Degeneration. J. Cell Sci. 6: 807-819.
Bhaktan, N.M.G., K.K. Nair, and J.H. Borden. 1971. Fine structure of degenerating and regenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips confusus. II. Regeneration. Can. J. Zool. 49: 85-89.
Billings, R.F., and R.I. Gara. 1975. Rhythmic emergence of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from two host species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 68: 1033-1036.
Bleiker, K.P., B.S. Lindgren, and L.E. Maclauchlan. 2003. Characteristics of subalpine fir susceptible to attack by western balsam bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33(8): 1538-1543.
Bleiker, Katherine P., B.S. Lindgren, and L.E. Maclauchlan. 2005. Resistance of fast- and slow-growing subalpine fir to pheromone-induced attack by western balsam bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). Agricultural and Forest Entomology 7(3): 237-244.
Borden, J.H. 1982. Aggregation pheromones. p. 74-139 In: J.B. Mitton and K.B. Sturgeon (Eds.). Bark beetles in North American conifers: A system for the study of evolutionary biology. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 527 p.
Borden, J.H., A.M. Pierce, H.D. Pierce, Jr., L.J. Chong, A.J. Stock, and A.C. Oehlschlager. 1987. Semiochemicals produced by the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 13: 823-836.
Borden, J.H., D.W.A. Hunt, D.R. Miller, K.N. Slessor. 1986. Orientation in forest Coleoptera: an uncertain outcome of responses by individual beetles to variable stimuli. p. 97-109. In: T.L. Payne, M.C. Birch, and C.E.J. Kennedy (eds.). Mechanisms in insect olfaction. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Borden, J.H., and C.E. Slater. 1969. Flight muscle volume change in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. J. Zool. 47: 29-32.
Botterweg, P.F. 1983. The effect of attack density on size, fat content, and emergence of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. Z. ang. Ent. 96: 47-55.
Bright, D.R., Jr. 1963. Bark beetles of the genus Dryocoetes (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 56: 103-115.
Bright, D.R., Jr. 1976. The insects and arachnids of Canada and Alaska. 2. Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Can. Dept. Agric. Publ. No. 1576. 241 p.
Cameron, E.A., and J.H. Borden. 1967. Emergence patterns of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from ponderosa pine. Can. Entomol. 99: 236-244.
Chapman, J.A. 1957. Flight muscle change during adult life in the Scolytidae. Can. Dept. of Forestry, Division of Forest Biology . Bi-monthly Progress Report 13: 3-4.
Flamm, R.O., S.P. Cook, T.L. Wagner, P.E. Pulley, and R.N. Coulson. 1987. Reemergence and emergence of Ips avulsus and Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ. Entomol. 16: 869-876.
Garbutt, R. 1992. Western balsam bark beetle. Forest Pest Leaflet 64. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. 4 p.
Gibson, K., S. Kegley, and B. Oakes. 1997. Western balsam bark beetle activity and flight periodicity in the Northern Region. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Forestry and Forest Health Protection, Missoula, MT. Report 97-3. 5 p.
Graves, A.D. 2008. The chemical ecology of the northern spruce engraver, Ips perturbatus (Eichoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and associated insects in spruce forests of Alaska. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 296 pages. (Cited in Negrón and Popp 2009).
Hansen, E.M. 1996. Western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, flight periodicity in northern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 56: 348-359.
Jeans-Williams, N.L., and J.H. Borden. 2006. Evaluation of Two Pheromone Baits for Containment and Concentration of Attack by the Western Balsam Bark Beetle, Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). West. J. Appl. For. 21:27–32.
Johansson, L., J. Andersen, and A.C. Nilssen. 1994. Flexible generation time in Dryocoetes autographus (Ratz.) (Col., Scolytidae): a key to its success as colonist in subarctic regions? Journal of Applied Entomology 117: 21-30.
Langor, D.W. 1987. Emergence, host attack, and overwintering behaviour of the eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex Leconte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in Newfoundland. Can. Entomol. 119: 975-983.
Lindgren, B.S. 1983. A multiple-funnel trap for scolytid bark beetles. Can Entomol. 115: 299-302.
Maclauchlan, L.E., L. Harder, J.H. Borden, and J.E. Brooks. 2003. Impact of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), at the Sicamous Research site, and the potential for semiochemical based management in alternative silviculture systems. J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 100: 27-41.
Mathers, W.G. 1931. The biology of Canadian bark beetles. The seasonal history of Dryocoetes confusus Sw. Can. Ent. 68: 247-248.
Negrón, J.F., and John B. Popp. 2009. The flight periodicity, attack patterns, and life history of Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), the western balsam bark beetle, in north central Colorado. Western North American Naturalist 69(4): 447–458.
Number Cruncher Statistical System. 1988. Kaysville, Utah, USA.
Schmid, J.M., and R.H. Frye. 1977. Spruce beetle in the Rockies. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-49. Fort Collins, Colorado.
Schmitz, R.F., M.D. McGregor, and G.D. Amman. 1980. Mountain pine beetle response to lodgepole stands of different characteristics. In: A.A. Berryman and L. Safranyik (Eds.) Proceedings of the second IUFRO conference on dispersal of forest insects: Evaluation, theory, and management implications. Sandpoint, Idaho. 27-31 August 1979. Cooperative Extension Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. pp. 234-243.
Stock, A.J., J.H. Borden, T.L. Pratt, H.D. Pierce, Jr., and B.D. Johnston. 1995. Enantiomeric composition and release rates of exo-brevicomin influence aggregation of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 127: 449-456.
Stock, A.J., J.H. Borden, and T.L. Pratt. 1993. Containment and concentration of western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), populations by application of exo-brevicomin. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 483-492.
Stock, A.J., J.H. Borden, T.L. Pratt, H.D. Pierce, Jr., and B.D. Johnston. 1990. endo-Brevicomin: an antiaggregation pheromone for the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol 122: 935-940.
Stock, A.J. 1981. The western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine: secondary attraction and biological notes. M.Sc. Thesis, Simon Fraser University.
Veblen, T.T., K.S. Hadley, and M.S. Reid. 1991. Disturbance and stand development of a Colorado subalpine forest. J. Biogeography 18: 707-716.
Waters, H.J., and A.J. Stock. 1995. Application of MSMA to control western balsam bark beetle in subalpine fir - BC Ministry of Environment special use permit 103-414-92* Research File 48090-2 June 12 1992. Final report to BC Ministry of Environment, Pesticide Control Branch, January 1995. 13 p.
Wermelinger, B., and M. Seifert. 1999. Temperature-dependent reproduction of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, and analysis of the potential population growth. Ecological Entomology 24: 103–110.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with the Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia agree to the following terms:
-Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
-Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
-Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
