Checklist of the Lepidoptera of British Columbia, Canada
Abstract
This list documents 2832 Lepidoptera species reported for the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is based on examination of the major public insect collections in the province and the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario. Records from relevant literature sources and online databases have also been examined and reliable ones have been included. The entry for each species includes the scientific name, the author and year of publication of the original description, and occurrence status. Taxonomic, distributional and biological notes are provided for selected species, and 134 species are flagged as introduced from outside North America. An additional 27 species which probably occur in British Columbia are included in the list. A list of 322 species erroneously reported from British Columbia in previous works is provided. Introductory sections provide an overview of the order Lepidoptera, review the province’s ecozones, and discuss the history of lepidopterology in British Columbia and its current state of knowledge. Each of the 70 families occurring in the province is briefly reviewed, along with information on its distinguishing features, general appearance and biology and diversity. An index of higher taxonomic names, genera, species, and common names is included.References
Adamski, D. and R. W. Hodges. 1996. An annotated list of North American Blastobasinae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98:708–40.
Adamski, D., J.-F. Landry, S. Passoa, and R. A. Tracy. 2011. History, dis- tribution, and identification of Exoteleia dodecella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in North America, with insights into the systematics of Exoteleia Wallengren using characters of the adult, immatures, bion- omics, and DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 112:183–206.
Anderson, E. M. 1904. Catalogue of British Columbia Lepidoptera. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC. 54 pp.
Anweiler, G. G. 2009. Revision of the New World Panthea Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with descriptions of 5 new species and 2 new subspecies. ZooKeys 9:97–134.
Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1993. Order Lepidoptera, pp. 484–635. In: R. H. Arnett, Jr. (editor). American insects: A handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, FL.
Arnott, D. A. 1960. Additions to the checklist of macrolepidoptera of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 57:6–8.
Baldizzone, G., H. van der Wolf, and J.-F. Landry. 2006. World Catalog of Insects, Volume 8. Coleophoridae, Coleophorinae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. 215 pp.
Baraniak, E. 2007. Taxonomic revision of the genus Plutella Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from the Palaearctic region with notes on its phylogeny. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 76 Supplement:1–122.
Barnes, W., and A. W. Lindsey. 1921. The Pterophoridae of America, North of Mexico. Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America 4(4):281–483.
Belton, E. M. 1988. Lepidoptera on fruit crops in Canada, Simon Fraser University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Pest Management Program, Burnaby, BC. 105 pp.
Blackmore, E. H. 1921. Entomology, pp. 22–32 + plates I–II. In: Report of the Provincial Museum of Natural History for the year 1920. Province of British Columbia, Victoria, BC.
Blackmore, E. H. 1922a. Entomology, pp. 17–33 + plates II-IV. In: Report of the Provincial Museum of Natural History for the year 1921. Province of British Columbia, Victoria, BC.
Blackmore, E. H. 1922b. The Pterophoridae of British Columbia, pp. 34– 45. In: Report of the Provincial Museum of Natural History 1921. Province of British Columbia, Victoria, BC.
Blackmore, E. H. 1923. Entomology, pp. 18–35 + plates V–VI. In: Report of the Provincial Museum of Natural History for the year 1922. Province of British Columbia, Victoria, BC.
Blackmore, E. H. 1924. Entomology, pp. 15–25 + plate V. In: Report of the Provincial Museum of Natural History for the year 1923. Province of British Columbia, Victoria, BC.
Blackmore, E. H. 1927. Check-List of the Macrolepidoptera of British Columbia. Provincial Museum of Natural History, Victoria, BC. 47 pp. Bolte, K. B. 1990. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). VI. Subfamily Larentiinae 1. Revision of the Genus Eupithecia. Memoirs
of the Entomological Society of Canada 151:1–253.
Braun, A. F. 1948. Elachistidae of North America (microlepidoptera).
American Entomological Society Memoirs 13:1–110.
Braun, A. F. 1963. The genus Bucculatrix in America north of Mexico (mi- crolepidoptera). American Entomological Society Memoirs 18:1–208. Braun, A. F. 1972. Tischeriidae of America north of Mexico (microlepidop-
tera). American Entomological Society Memoirs 28:1–148.
British Columbia Ministry of Environment. 2012. B.C. Species and Ecosystem Explorer. Available at [website; accessed 14 June 2012]:
http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/.
British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range. 2013. Biogeoclimatic
Ecosystem Classification Program. Research Branch, Victoria, BC. Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]: http://www.for. gov.bc.ca/hre/becweb/
British Columbia Provincial Museum. 1916. Report of the Provincial Museum of Natural History for the year 1915. Province of British Columbia, Victoria, BC. 27 pp.
Brown, J. W. 2005. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). World Catalogue of Insects 5:1–741.
Brown, R. L. 1986. Resurrection of Catastega Clemens and revision of Epinotia vertumnana (Zeller) species-group (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 40:327–46.
Buckell, E. R. 1947. A list of the Lepidoptera collected in the Shuswap Lake district of British Columbia by Dr. W.R. Buckell. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 43:11–21.
Busck, A. 1904. Tineid moths from British Columbia, with decriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 27:745–78.
Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility (CBIF). 2003. The moths of Canada. Available at [website; accessed 22 July 2009]: http://www. cbif.gc.ca/spp pages/misc moths/phps/mothindex e.php
Cannings, R. A. 2010. Insect collections in Canada series: Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC. Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada 29(2):14–26. Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]: http://biologicalsurvey.ca/newsletter/bscfall2010.pdf
Cannings, R. A., S. G. Cannings, and G. G. E. Scudder. 2001. Insect collec- tions, surveys and conservation in British Columbia in the 20th century. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 98:17–32.
Cannings, R. A., L. R. Ramsay, S. G. Cannings, and C. R. Copley. 2008. The Dragonflies (Insect: Odonata) of Northern British Columbia: Field Surveys, Collections Development and Public Education, 2000–2005. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC. Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]: http://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/assets/ the-dragonflies-of-northern-british-columbia.pdf
Cannings, R. A., and G. G. E. Scudder. 2001. An overview of systematic studies concerning the insect fauna of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 98:33–59.
Cannings, R. A., and G. G. E. Scudder. 2007. Checklist: Order Lepidoptera in British Columbia. Available at [website; accessed 28 June 2012]: http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/ Lepidoptera2008Cannings.pdf
Cannings, R. J. and S. G. Cannings. 2015. British Columbia. A natural history of its origins, ecology and diversity with a new look at climate change. Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC. 384 pp.
Cannings, S. G., J. Nelson, and R. J. Cannings. 2011. Geology of British Columbia: a journey through time (revised edition). Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC. 154 pp.
Clarke, J. F. G. 1941. Revision of the North American moths of the fam- ily Oecophoridae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 90:33–286.
Clarke, J. F. G. 1987. The correct identity of Acleris inana Robinson (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89:175–176.
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2000. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Taylor’s Checkerspot, Euphydryas editha taylori, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa, ON. v + 12 pp. Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]: http://www. sararegistry.gc.ca/document/dspDocument e.cfm?documentID=2304
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2003. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Sand-verbena Moth, Copablepharon fuscum, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON. vii + 39 pp. Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]: http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/ document/default e.cfm?documentID=418
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2011. Canadian wildlife species at risk, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON. 98 pp.
Covell, C. V., Jr. 1984. A Field Guide to Moths of Eastern North America. Peterson Field Guide Series, 30. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. 496 pp. Crabo, L. G., and J. D. Lafontaine. 2009. A revision of Lasionycta Aurivillius (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) for North America and notes on Eurasian species, with descriptions of 17 new species, 6 new subspecies, a new
genus, and two new species of Tricholita Grote. ZooKeys 30:1–155. Crabo, L. G., M. Davis, P. Hammond, T. Mustelin, and J. Shepard. 2013. Five new species and three new subspecies of Erebidae and Noctuidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) from Northwestern North America, with notes on Chytolita Grote (Erebidae) and Hydraecia Guenée (Noctuidae).
ZooKeys 264:85–123.
Crabo, L. G., P. Hammond, M. Peterson, J. Shepard, and R. Zack (editors).
Pacific Northwest Moths. Available at [website; accessed: 20
August 2015]: http://pnwmoths.biol.wwu.edu/
Crumb, S. E. 1956. The larvae of the Phalaenidae. United States Department
of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin, 1135. Washington, DC. 356 pp. Danby, W. H. 1894. Notes on Lepidoptera found on Vancouver Island.
Journal of the New York Entomological Society 29:31–36. 216
Danby, W. H., and C. de B. Green. 1893. Report on the entomology of British Columbia. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of British Columbia 1:11-18.
Davis, D. R. 1964. Bagworm moths of the western hemisphere. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 244:1–233.
Davis, D. R. 1978. A revision of the North American moths of the superfamily Eriocranoidea with the proposal of a new family, Acanthopteroctetidae (Lepidoptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 251:1–131.
Davis, D. R. and G. Deschka. 2001. Biology and systematics of the North American Phyllonorycter leafminers on Salicaceae, with a synoptic cat- alog of the palearctic species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 614:1–89.
Davis, D. R. and J.-F. Landry. 2012. A review of the North American genus Epimartyria (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae) with a discussion of the larval plastron. ZooKeys 183:37–83.
Davis, D. R., and J. R. Stonis. 2007. A Revision of the New World plant-min- ing moths of the family Opostegidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 625:1–212.
DeClerck-Floate, R. A., and H. Carcamo. 2011. Biocontrol Arthropods: New Denizens of Canada’s Grassland Agroecosystems, pp. 291–321. In: K. D. Floate, (editor). Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 2): Inhabitants of a Changing Landscape. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON.
De Prins, W. and J. De Prins. 2005. World Catalog of Insects, Vol. 6. Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. 502 pp.
Demarchi, D. A. 1996. An introduction to the ecoregions of British Columbia. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC. 46 pp. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/ecology/ecoregions/index.html [Accessed: 26 February 2014]
deWaard, J. R. 2010. Forest biomonitoring, biosecurity and DNA bar- coding. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Department of Forestry. Vancouver, BC. xv + 323 pp.
deWaard, J. R., P. D. Hebert, and L. M. Humble. 2011. A comprehensive DNA barcode library for the looper moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of British Columbia, Canada. PloS One 6(3):e18290.
deWaard, J. R., L. M. Humble, and B. C. Schmidt. 2010. DNA barcod- ing identifies the first North American records of the Eurasian moth, Eupithecia pusillata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 107:1–7.
deWaard, J. R., J.-F. Landry, B. C. Schmidt, J. Derhousoff, J. A. McLean, and L. M. Humble. 2009. In the dark in a large urban park: DNA bar- codes illuminate cryptic and introduced moth species. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:3825–3839.
deWaard, J. R., B. C. Schmidt, G. G. Anweiler, A. Hausmann, and L. E. Humble. 2008. First Canadian records of Lampropteryx suffumata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Geometridae: Larentiinae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 105:1–7.
Dietz, W. G. 1905. Revision of the genera and species of the tineid subfam- ilies Amydriinae and Tineinae inhabiting North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 31:1–96 + plates.
Dietz, W. G. 1910. Revision of the Blastobasidae of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 36:1–72 + plates. Doganlar, M. and B. P. Beirne. 1981. The apple-and-thorn-skeletonizer Eutromula pariana (Lep., Choreutidae), and its parasites in SW British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia
:51–52.
Duncan, R. W. 2006. Conifer defoliators of British Columbia. Natural
Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre,
Victoria, BC. 359 pp.
Dyar, H. G. 1904. The Lepidoptera of the Kootenai district of British
Columbia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum
:779–938.
Ecological Stratification Working Group. 1995. A national ecological frame-
work for Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research and Environment Canada, Ecozone Analysis Branch, State of the Environment Directorate, Ottawa/Hull. 132 pp., and national map at 1:7 500 000 scale.
Eichlin, T. D., and W. D. Duckworth. 1988. Sesioidea: Sessiidae. Fascicle 5.1. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 176 pp.
Entomological Society of British Columbia (ESBC). 1906. Check list of British Columbia Lepidoptera. British Columbia Department of Agriculture, Victoria, BC. 49 pp.
Entomological Society of Canada Common Names Committee. 2007. Common Names List. Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]: http://www.esc-sec.ca/ee/index.php/cndb
Ferguson, D. C. 1971. Bombycoidea: Saturniidae (part). Fascicle 20.2A. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges,
and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 153 pp.
Ferguson, D. C. 1972. Bombycoidea: Saturniidae (part). Fascicle 20.2B. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. pp.154–275 + plates.
Ferguson, D. C. 1978. Noctuoidea: Lymantriidae. Fascicle 22.2. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 110 pp. + plates.
Ferguson, D. C. 1985. Geometroidea: Geometridae: Geometrinae. Fascicle 18.1. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 131 pp. + plates.
Ferguson, D. C. 2008. Geometroidea, Geometridae, Ennominae (part: Abraxini, Cassymini, Macariini). Fascicle 17.2. In: R. W. Hodges, R. L. Brown, D. R. Davis, J. D. Lafontaine, J. A. Powell, and M. A. Solis (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 431 pp.
Ferguson, D. C., and M. J. Mello. 1996. The introduction and spread of Chloroclystis rectangulata (L.) (Geometridae), and its first reported occurrences in the United States. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 50:145–148.
Ferris, C. D., and F. M. Brown. 1981. Butterflies of the Rocky Mountain States. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK. 400pp.
Ferris, C. D., and J. J. Kruse. 2008. A new species of Zeiraphera Treitschke (Tortricidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 62:31–35.
Ferris, C. D., J. J. Kruse, J. D. Lafontaine, K. W. Philip, B. C. Schmidt, and D. S. Sikes. 2012. A checklist of the moths of Alaska. Zootaxa 3571:1–25.
Forbes, W. T. M. 1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part I. Primitive forms, Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoirs 68:1–729.
Forbes, W. T. M. 1948. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part II. Geometridae, Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Lymantriidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoirs 274:1–263.
Forbes, W. T. M. 1954. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part III. Noctuidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoirs 329:1–433.
Franclemont, J. G. 1973. Mimallonoidea: Mimallonidae and Bombycoidea: Apatelodidae, Bombycidae, Lasiocampidae. Fascicle 20.1. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 86 pp. + plates.
Freeman, T. N. 1958. The Archipinae of North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 7:1–89. Gaedike, R. 1977. Revision der nearktischen und neotropischen
Epermeniidae (Lepidoptera). Beitrage Zur Entomologie 27:301–312. Gaedike, R. 1990. Revision der nearktischen Douglasiidae (Lepidoptera).
Beitrage Zur Entomologie 40:287–300.
Gall, L. F., and D. C. Hawks. 2010. Systematics of moths in the genus
Catocala (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) IV. Nomenclatorial stabilization of the Nearctic fauna, with a revised synonymic check list. Zookeys 39:37–83.
Gielis, C. 2003. Pterophoroidea & Alucitoidea (Lepidoptera). World Catalogue of Insects 4:1–198.
Gillespie, D. P., and B. I. Gillespie. 1982. A list of plant-feeding Lepidoptera introduced into British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 79:38–48.
Gilligan, T. M., D. J. Wright, and L. D. Gibson. 2008. Olethreutine moths of the midwestern United States. An identification guide. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 16(2):1–334.
Gilligan, T. M., and J. W. Brown. 2014. A new name for the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)? The Canadian Entomologist 146:583–589.
Gilligan, T. M., D. J. Wright, J. Munz, K. Yakobson, and M. P. Simmons. 2014. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of Eucosma Hübner and related genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini). Systematic Entomology 39(1):49–67.
Guppy, C. S. 1998. Notes on Parnassius smintheus Doubleday (Papilionidae) on Vancouver Island. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 52:115–18. Guppy, C. S., and J. H. Shepard. 2001. Butterflies of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum and University of British Columbia
Press, Victoria and Vancouver, BC. 414 pp. 220
Guppy, C. S., J. H. Shepard and N. G. Kondla. 1994. Butterflies and skip- pers of conservation concern in British Columbia. Canadian Field- Naturalist 108:31–40.
Guppy, R. 1956. Distribution of butterflies on Vancouver Island. Lepidopterists’ News 9:169–71.
Handfield, L. 2011. Le Guide des Papillons du Québec. Broquet, Saint- Constant, QC. 1352 pp. + plates.
Handfield, L., J.-F. Landry, B. Landry, and J. D. Lafontaine. 1997. Liste des Lépidoptères du Québec et du Labrador. Fabreres, Supplement 7. 155 pp.
Hardy, G. E. 1957. Notes on the life histories of five species of Lepidoptera from southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 54:40–43.
Hardy, G. A. 1959. On the life history of Incisalia eryphon (Lycaenidae) on southern Vancouver Island. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 13:70.
Harris, P. and J. Alex. 1971. Euphorbia esula L., Leafy Spurge, and E. cyparis- sias L., Cypress Spurge (Euphorbiaceae), pp. 83–88. In: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (editors). Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1959–1968. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Trinidad.
Harvey, R. V. 1904. A guide to some of the butterflies of British Columbia. Thompson Stationery, Victoria, BC. 16 pp.
Hatch, M. H. 1949. A century of Entomology in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 43 pp.
Heikkilä, M., M. Mutanen, M. Kekkonen, and L. Kaila. 2014. Morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities: a revised clas- sification for Gelechioidea. Cladistics 30:563–589.
Heinrich, C. 1923. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 123:1–298.
Heinrich, C. 1926. Revision of the North American moths of the subfam- ilies Laspeyresiinae and Olethreutinae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 132:1–216.
Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 207:1–581.
Heppner, J. B. 1985. The sedge moths of North America (Lepidoptera: Glyphipterigidae). Fauna and Flora Handbook #1. Fauna and Flora Publications, Gainesville, FL. 254 pp.
Heppner, J. B. 1998. Classification of Lepidoptera. Part 1. Introduction. Holarctic Lepidoptera 5, Supplement 1:1–148.
Hodges, R. W. 1966. Review of the New World species of Batrachedra with description of 3 new genera (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 92:585–651.
Hodges, R. W. 1971. Sphingoidea. Fascicle 21. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 158 pp. + plates.
Hodges, R. W. 1974. Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae. Fascicle 6.2. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe, (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 142 pp. + plates.
Hodges, R. W. 1978. Gelechioidea: Cosmopterigidae. Fascicle 6.1. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 166 pp. + plates.
Hodges, R. W. 1986. Gelechioidea: Gelechiidae (in part): Dichomeridinae. Fascicle 7.1. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. xiii + 195 pp.
Hodges, R. W. 1999a. Gelechioidea, pp. 131–58. In: N. P. Kristensen (edi- tor). Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. Handbook of Zoology IV, Part 35. Walter de Gruyter, New York, NY.
Hodges, R. W. 1999b. Gelechioidea: Gelechiidae (part): Gelechiinae (part – Chionodes). Fascicle 7.6. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 339 pp.
Hodges, R. W., T. Dominick, D. R. Davis, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, E. G. Munroe, and J. A. Powell. 1983. Check list of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 284 pp.
Jones, J. R. J. L. See Llewellyn Jones, J. R. J.
Kaila, L. 1995a. A review of Coelopoeta (Elachistidae), with descriptions
of two new species. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 49:171–78. 222
Kaila, L. 1995b. A revision of North American Perittia (=Onceroptila), with first nearctic records of the genus Mendesa (Elachistidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 49:208–222.
Kaila, L. 1996. Revision of the nearctic species of Elachista I. The tetragonella group (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 27:217–238.
Kaila, L. 1997. A revision of the nearctic species of Elachista s.l. II. The argentella group (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). Acta Zoologica Fennica 206:1–93.
Kaila, L. 1999a. Phylogeny and classification of the Elachistidae s.s. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Systematic Entomology 24:139–69. Kaila, L. 1999b. A Revision of the Nearctic Species of the Genus Elachista
s.l. III. The bifasciella, praelineata, saccharella and freyerella Groups
(Lepidoptera, Elachistidae). Acta Zoologica Fennica 211:1–235. Karsholt, O., L. Aarvik, D. Agassiz, P. Huemer, and K. Tuck. 2005. Acleris effractana (Hübner, 1799): A holarctic tortricid. Nota Lepidopterologia
:93–102.
Karsholt, O., M. Mutanen, S. Lee, and L. Kaila. 2013. A molecular analysis
of the Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea) with an interpretative
grouping of its taxa. Systematic Entomology 38: 334–348.
Kawahara, A.Y., I. Ohshima, A. Kawakita, J. C. Regier, C. Mitter, M. P. Cummings, D. R. Davis, D. L. Wagner, J. De Prins, and C. Lopez- Vaamonde. 2011. Increased gene sampling strengthens support for higher-level groups within leaf-mining moths and relatives (Lepidoptera:
Gracillariidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011 11:1–14.
Kitching, I. J., and J.M. Cadiou. 2000. Hawkmoths of the world: An anno- tated and illustrated revisionary checklist (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Cornell University Press and The Natural History Museum, Ithaca, NY
and London, UK. 226 pp.
Klinkenberg, B. (Editor). 2013. E-Fauna BC: Electronic Atlas of the Fauna of
British Columbia. Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]:
Klots, A. B. 1942. North American Crambus II. New species. American
Museum Novitates 1191:1–17.
Kodandaramaiah, U., and N. Wahlberg. 2009. Phylogeny and biogeogra-
phy of Coenonympha butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): Patterns
of colonization in the Holarctic. Systematic Entomology 34:315–323. Kondla, N. G. 1999. Pend-d’Oreille Butterfly Survey. Living Landscapes: Columbia Basin. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC.
Available at [website; accessed: 26 February 2014]: http://142.36.5.21/
cbasin/butterfly/index.html
Kondla, N. G. 2007. Two new butterflies for British Columbia. Boreus
:47–49.
Kondla, N. G., and C. S. Guppy. 2002. Name-bearing types and taxo-
nomic synopsis of three lycaenid butterfly taxa from western Canada (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 3(6):1–11.
Kondla, N. G., E. M. Pike, and F. A. H. Sperling. 1994. Butterflies of the Peace River region of Alberta and British Columbia. Blue Jay 52(2):71–90.
Kristensen, N. P. (editor). 1999. Arthropoda: Insects, part 35: Lepidoptera; Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, systematics and biogeography. In: M. Fischer (editor). Handbook of Zoology. Walter de Gruyer, New York, NY. 491 pp.
Lafontaine, J. D. 1987. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae: Noctuinae (Part) – Euxoa. Fascicle 27.2. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 237 pp.
Lafontaine, J. D. 1998. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae: Noctuini. Fascicle 27.3. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 348 pp.
Lafontaine, J. D. 2004. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae (part – Agrotini). Fascicle 27.1. In: R. W. Hodges, D. R. Davis, D. C. Ferguson, E. G. Munroe, and J. A. Powell (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 385 pp.
Lafontaine, J. D., and R. W. Poole. 1991. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae: Plusiinae. Fascicle 25.1. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 182 pp.
Lafontaine, J. D., and B. C. Schmidt. 2010. Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico. ZooKeys 40:1–239.
Lafontaine, J. D., and B. C. Schmidt. 2011. Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico. ZooKeys 149:145–61.
Lafontaine, J. D., and B. C. Schmidt. 2013. Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico. ZooKeys 264:227–236.
Lafontaine, J. D., and J. T. Troubridge. 2011. Moths and Butterflies of the Montane Cordillera Ecozone, pp. 484–572. In: G. G. E. Scudder and I. M. Smith (editors). Assessment of Species Diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Royal British Columbia Museum. http://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/assets/Montane-Cordillera-Ecozone.pdf [Accessed: 26 February 2014]
Lafontaine, J. D., and J. B. Walsh. 2013. A revision of the genus Ufeus Grote with the description of a new species from Arizona (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Xylenini, Ufeina). ZooKeys 264:193–207.
Lafontaine, J. D., and D. M. Wood. 1997. Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of the Yukon, pp. 723–785. In: H. V. Danks and J. A. Downes (ed- itors). Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa, ON.
Landry, B. 1987. A synopsis of the plume-moths of the subfamily Platyptiliinae (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) of eastern Canada. M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, Montreal, QC. 269 pp.
Landry, B. and J.-F. Landry. 2004. The genus Alucita in North America, with description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Alucitidae). The Canadian Entomologist 136:553–579.
Landry, J.-F. 1991. Systematics of nearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): Phylogeny and classification of supraspecific taxa, with a review of described species. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 160:1–341.
Landry, J.-F., V. Nazari, J. R. deWaard, M. Mutanen, C. Lopez-Vaamonde, P. Huemer, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2013. Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749:1–93.
Layberry, R. A., P. W. Hall, and J. D. Lafontaine. 1998. The Butterflies of Canada. NRC Research Press, Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, in association with University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON. 280 pp.
Lee, S., R. W. Hodges, and R. L. Brown. 2009. Checklist of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) in America north of Mexico. Zootaxa 2231:1–39.
Lepidopterists’ Society. 2015. Season Summary [database]. Available at [website; accessed: 30 June 2015]: Available at http://www.flmnh.ufl. edu/lepsoc/
Llewellyn Jones, J. R. J. 1951. An annotated checklist of the macrolepidop- tera of British Columbia. Entomological Society of British Columbia, Occasional Paper 1. 148 pp.
MacKenzie, W. H. 2006. The Ecology of the Alpine Zone. British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria, BC. 6 pp.
MacKenzie, W. H., and J. R. Moran. 2004. Wetlands of British Columbia: a guide to identification. Land Management Handbook No 52. Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. 287 pp.
McClay, A. S., D. E. Cole, P. Harris, and C. J. Richardson. 1995. Biological control of Leafy Spurge in Alberta: progress and prospects. Alberta Environmental Centre Report AECV95-R2, Vegreville, AB. 63 pp.
McDunnough, J. H. 1923. Notes on Pterophoridae with descriptions of new species. The Canadian Entomologist 55:85–87.
McDunnough, J. H. 1927a. The Lepidoptera of the Seton Lake region, British Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist 59:152–162; 193–199; 207–214; 239–246; 266–277.
McDunnough, J. H. 1927b. Contribution toward a knowledge of our Canadian plume-moths. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canadada 21(V):175–188.
McDunnough, J. H. 1938. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America, Part I. Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1:1–273.
McGuffin, W. C. 1967. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) I. Subfamily Sterrhinae. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 50:1–67.
McGuffin, W. C. 1972. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 1. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 86:1–159.
McGuffin, W. C. 1977. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 2. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 101:1–191.
McGuffin, W. C. 1981. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 3. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 117:1–153.
McGuffin, W. C. 1987. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 4. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 138:1–181.
McGuffin, W. C. 1988. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) III, IV, and V. Subfamilies Archiearinae, Oenochrominae, and Geometrinae. Memoirs of the Entomoloical Society of Canada 145:1–56.
McGugan, B. M. 1958. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada Reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Volume 1: Papilionidae to Arctiidae. Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Biology Division, Publication 1034. Ottawa, ON. 76 pp.
Meidinger, D. V., and J. Pojar (eds.). 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. Special Report Series 6, Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. 330 pp. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Srs/ Srs06.htm [Accessed: 26 February 2014]
Mikkola, K., J. D. Lafontaine, and J. Gill. 2009. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part): Noctuinae (part) Xyleninae (part) Apameini (part – Apamea group of genera). Fascicle 26.9. In: R. W. Hodges, R. L. Brown, D. R. Davis, J. D. Lafontaine, J. A. Powell, and M. A. Solis (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 192 pp.
Miller, W. E. 1985. Nearctic Olethreutes: five new synonymies, two re- vised statuses, and notes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 87:408–417.
Miskelly, J. W. 2004. Habitat requirements and conservation of the but- terflies Euchloe ausonides insulanus (Pieridae) and Euphydryas editha taylori (Nymphalidae) in southwestern British Columbia. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.
Miskelly, J. W. 2009. Notes on the taxonomy and status of the genus Hesperia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on Vancouver Island. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 106:83–84.
Moth Photographers Group 2015. North American Moth Photographers Group. Available at [website; accessed: 20 August 2015]: http:// mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/MainMenu.shtml
Munro, J. A., and I. McTaggart-Cowan. 1947. A review of the bird fauna of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Special Publication No. 2, Victoria, BC. 285 pp.
Munroe, E. 1959. Canadian species of Dioryctria Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The Canadian Entomologist 91:65–72.
Munroe, E. 1966. Revision of North American species of Udea Geunee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 49:1–57.
Munroe, E. 1972a. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae (Part): Scopariinae and Nymphulinae. Fascicle 13.1A In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. pp. 1–134.
Munroe, E. 1972b. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae (Part): Odontiinae and Glaphyriinae. Fascicle 13.1B. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. pp. 135–250.
Munroe, E. 1973. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae (Part): Evergestinae. Fascicle 13.1C. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. pp. 251–304 + plates, figures.
Munroe, E. 1976a. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae: Pyraustini (Part). Fascicle 13.2A. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. pp. 1–178 + plates, figures.
Munroe, E. 1976b. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae: Pyraustini (Conclusion). Fascicle 13.2B. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. pp. 79–150 + plates.
Munroe, E., V. O. Becker, J. C. Shaffer, M. Shaffer, and M. A. Solis. 1995. Pyraloidea, pp. 34–105. In: J. B. Heppner (editor). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 2, Volume 3. Hyblaeoidea, Pyraloidea, Tortricoidea. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL.
Mutanen, M., L. Aarvik, J.-F. Landry, A. H. Segerer, and O. Karsholt. 2012. Epinotia cinereana (Haworth, 1811) bona sp., a Holarctic tortricid dis- tinct from E. nisella (Clerck, 1759) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini) as evidenced by DNA barcodes, morphology, and life history. Zootaxa 3318:1–25.
Neunzig, H. H. 1986. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Phycitinae (Part – Acrobasis and allies). Fascicle 15.2. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. xii + 113 pp.
Neunzig, H. H. 1990. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Phycitinae (part). Fascicle 15.3. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC.165 pp.
Neunzig, H. H. 1997. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Phycitinae (part). Fascicle 15.4. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 157 pp.
Neunzig, H. H. 2003. Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Phycitinae (part). Fascicle 15.5. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 338 pp.
Nielsen, E. S., G. S. Robinson, and D. L. Wagner. 2000. Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera). Journal of Natural History 34(6):822–878.
Obraztsov, N. S. 1963. Some North American moths of the genus Acleris (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 114:213–270.
Pelham, J. P. 2008. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 40:1–658.
Pohl, G. R. 2014. Additions and Corrections to the Alberta Lepidoptera List, 2014. Alberta Lepidopterists’ Guild Newsletter Fall 2014:2–10.
Pohl, G. R., G. G. Anweiler, C. D. Bird, J.–F. Landry, D. A. Macaulay, L. Maton, V. Nazari, and J. Scott. 2013. 2013 update to the checklist of the Lepidoptera of Alberta. Alberta Lepidopterists’ Guild Newsletter, 2013(2):15-24.
Pohl G. R., G. G. Anweiler, B. C. Schmidt, and N. G. Kondla. 2010. An an- notated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta, Canada. ZooKeys 38:1–549. Pohl, G. R., C. D. Bird, V. Nazari, and J.–F. Landry. 2012. 2012 update to the checklist of the Lepidoptera of Alberta. Alberta Lepidopterists’
Guild Newsletter Spring 2012(1):7–13.
Pohl, G. R., and R. A. Cannings. 2013. The new Checklist of British
Columbia Lepidoptera and how it came to be. Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of British Columbia 110:3–5.
Pohl, G. R., J. J. Dombroskie, J.–F. Landry, C. D. Bird, and V. Nazari. 2011. Errata and first update to the 2010 checklist of the Lepidoptera of Alberta. Alberta Lepidopterists’ Guild Newsletter Spring 2011(1):10–17. Pohl, G. R., C. Jaeger, V. Nazari, B. C. Schmidt, D. Richard, and S. Gosche. 2015. Paraclemensia acerifoliella (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae) in western
Canada: a newly discovered host, an expanded range, and biogeo-
graphical considerations. The Canadian Entomologist 147:459–471. Poole, R. W. 1989. Lepidopterorum Catalogus (New Series), Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. E. J. Brill and Flora and Fauna Publications, Leiden,
Netherlands.
Poole, R. W. 1995. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae: Cuculliinae, Stiriinae,
Psaphidinae (Part). Fascicle 26.1. In: R. B. Dominick, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, R. W. Hodges, and E. G. Munroe (editors). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 249 pp.
Powell, J. A. 1973. A systematic monograph of new world ethmiid moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 120:1–302.
Powell, J. A. 1980. A synopsis of Decodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with descriptions of new species and a related new genus in Mexico. Pacific Insects 22:78–114.
Powell, J. A., and J. W. Brown. 2012. Tortricoidea, Tortricidae (part) Tortricinae (part): Sparganothini and Atteriini. Fascicle 8.1. In: R. W. Hodges, R. L. Brown, D. R. Davis, J. D. Lafontaine, J. A. Powell, and M. A. Solis (editors). The Moths of North America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK. 230 pp.
Powell, J. A., and P. A. Opler. 2009. Moths of western North America. University of California, Berkeley, CA. 383 pp.
Prentice, R. M. 1962. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada Reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Volume 2: Nycteolidae, Notodontidae, Noctuidae, Liparidae. Canada Dept. of Forestry, Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Publication 1013, pp. 77–281.
Prentice, R. M. 1963. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada Reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Volume 3: Lasiocampidae, Drepanidae, Thyatiridae, Geometridae. Canada Dept. of Forestry, Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Bulletin 128. pp. 282–543.
Prentice, R. M. 1965. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada Reported by the Forest Insect Survey, Volume 4: Microlepidoptera. Canada Dept. of Forestry, Publication 1142, pp. 544–840.
Pyle, R. M. 2002. The butterflies of Cascadia. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, WA. 420 pp.
Ratnasingham, S., and P. D. N. Hebert. 2007. The Barcode of Life Data System (www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes 7.3:355–364.
Razowski, J. 1966. World fauna of the Tortricini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Panstw. Wydawn. Nauk, Krakow, Poland. 576 pp. + plates.
Razowski, J. 1997. Cochylini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of Canada. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 40:107–63.
Razowski, J. 2008. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from South Africa. 6: Choristoneura Hübner and Procrica Diakonoff. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 77:245–254.
Regier, J. C., C. Mitter, D. R. Davis, T. L. Harrison, J.-C. Sohn, M. P. Cummings, A. Zwick, and K. T. Mitter. 2014. A molecular phylog- eny and revised classification for the oldest ditrysian moth lineages (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea), with implications for ancestral feeding habits of the mega-diverse Ditrysia. Systematic Entomology 2014:1–24.
Regier, J. C., C. Mitter, N. P. Kristensen, D. R. Davis, E. J. van Nieukerken, J. Rota, T. J. Simonsen, K. T. Mitter, A. Y. Kawahara, S.-H. Yen, M. P. Cummings, and A. Zwick. 2015. A molecular phylogeny for the old- est (nonditrysian) lineages of extant Lepidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life history evolution. Systematic Entomology 2015:1–34.
Rindge, F. H. 1949. A revision of the geometrid moths formerly assigned to Drepanulatrix (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 94:231–98.
Rindge, F. H. 1955. A revision of some species of Pero from the west- ern United States (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). American Museum Novitates 1750:1–33.
Rindge, F. H. 1966. A revision of the moth genus Anacamptodes (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132:175–244.
Rindge, F. H. 1968. A revision of the moth genus Stenoporpia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 140:65–134.
Ross, D. A. 1956. A list of cone and seed insects of interior British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 55:30–31. Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1954. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part I – Lasiocampidae, Saturniidae, Liparidae. Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 51:40–43.
Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1956a. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part III – Eupithecia spp. (Geometridae). Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of British Columbia 52:36–38.
Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1956b. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part IV – Hydriomena spp. (Geometridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 52:38–39.
Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1957a. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part V – Dioryctria spp. (Pyralidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 53:10–11.
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1957b. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part VI – Apatela (Acronicta) spp. (Noctuidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 54:16–17.
Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1957c. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part VII – Plusia spp. (Noctuidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 54:18.
Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1958. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part VIII – Semiothisa spp. (Geometridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 55:40–41.
Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1959. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part IX – Caripeta spp. (Geometridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 56:15.
Ross, D. A., and D. Evans. 1961. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part X - Notodontidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 58:30–32.
Sabourin, M. W. E. Miller, E. H. Metzler, and J. T. Vargo. 2002. Revised identities and new species of Aethes from midwestern North America (Tortricidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56:216–233.
Schintlmeister, A. 1983. Zum status einiger fernöstlicher taxa. NotodontidenStudien I [On the status of some far-eastern taxa. Notodontid studies I]. Zeitschrift Der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 35:106–11.
Schmidt, B. C. 2009. Hemaris thetis (Boisduval, 1855) is a distinct species. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 63:100–109.
Schmidt, B. C., and G. G. Anweiler. 2010. The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae). ZooKeys 39:161–181.
Schmidt, B. C., and P. A. Opler. 2008. Revised checklist of the tiger moths of the continental United States and Canada. Zootaxa 1677:1–23. Scoble, M. J. 1995. The Lepidoptera. Form, function, and diversity. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, UK. 404 pp.
Scoble, M. J. (editor). 1999. Geometrid moths of the world: A catalogue
(Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The Natural History Museum, and CSIRO Publishers, London, UK and Collingwood, Australia. 1016 pp.
Shepard, J. H. 1977. Immigration of Phyciodes mylitta to Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 53:167–68.
Smith, R. 1994. Effects of alien insects and microorganisms on the biodi- versity of British Columbia’s insect fauna, pp. 190-219. In: L. E. Harding and E. McCullum (editors). Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our changing environment. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC.
Sohn, J.-C., J. C. Regier, C. Mitter, D. Davis, J.-F. Landry, A. Zwick and M. P. Cummings. 2013. A molecular phylogeny for Yponomeutoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Ditrysia) and its implication for classification, biogeography and the evolution of host plant use. PLOS One 8(1):1– 23; e55066. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055066
Sugden, B. A. 1964. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part XII – Boarmiini and Melanolophiini (Geometridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 61:36–39.
Sugden, B. A. 1966. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part XIII – Sterrhiinae and Larentiinae (Geometridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 63:4–10.
Sugden, B. A. 1968. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part XIV –Ennominae (Geometridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 65:24–33.
Sugden, B. A. 1970. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part XIV [Part XV] – Polygonia, Nymphalis, and Limenitis (Nymphalidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 67:30–31.
Sugden, B. A., and D. A. Ross. 1963. Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia, Part XI – Papilio spp. (Papilionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 60:17–18.
Svensson, G. P., H.-L. Wang, J.-M. Lassance, O. Anderbrant, G.-F. Chen, B. Gregorsson, C. Guertin, E. Harala, E. V. Jirle, I. Liblikas, V. Petko, A. Roques, O. Rosenberg, W. Strong, K. Voolma, T. Ylioja, Y.-J. Wang, X.-M. Zhou, and C. Löfstedt. 2012. Assessment of genetic and phero- monal diversity of the Cydia strobilella species complex (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Systematic Entomology 38:305–315.
Taylor, G. W. 1884. Notes on the entomology of Vancouver Island. The Canadian Entomologist 16:61–62.
Taylor, G. W. 1908a. Notes on the Lepidoptera of Kaslo, BC, with de- scriptions of seven new species [part 1]. The Canadian Entomologist 40:54–60.
Taylor, G. W. 1908b. Notes on the Lepidoptera of Kaslo, BC, with de- scriptions of seven new species [part 2]. The Canadian Entomologist 40:98–100.
Threatful, D. L. 1989. A list of the butterflies and skippers on Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National parks, British Columbia, Canada (Lepidoptera). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 27:213–21.
Touzeau, W. D., and C. L. Nielson. 1957. Plans to eradicate Oriental Fruit Moth in the Okanagan Valley, B.C. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 54:23–24.
Touzeau, W. D., and C. L. Nielson. 1958. Eradication procedures for Oriental Fruit Moth in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 55:23.
Troubridge, J. T. 1997. Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Entephria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae). Entomologica Scandinavica 28:121–139.
Troubridge, J. T. 2008. A generic realignment of the Oncocnemidini sensu Hodges (1983) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Oncocnemidinae), with de- scription of a new genus and 50 new species. Zootaxa 1903:1–95.
Troubridge, J. T., and L. G. Crabo. 2002. A review of the nearctic species of Hadena Schrank, 1802. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with descriptions of six new species. Fabreres 27:109–154.
Tuskes, P. M., J. P. Tuttle, and M. M. Collins. 1996. The wild silk moths of North America: a natural history of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, and London, UK. 250 pp.
Tuttle, J. P. 2007. The Hawkmoths of North America. A natural history study of the Sphingidae of the United States and Canada. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC. 253 pp.
van Nieukerken, E. J., L. Kaila, I. J. Kitching, N. P. Kristensen, D. C. Lees, J. Minet, C. Mitter, M. Mutanen, J. C. Regier, T. J. Simonsen, N. Wahlberg, S.-H. Yen, R. Zahiri, D. Adamski, J. Baixeras, D. Bartsch, B. A. Bengtsson, J. W. Brown, S. R. Bucheli, D. R. Davis, J. De Prins, W. De Prins, M. E. Epstein, P. Gentili-Poole, C. Gielis, P. Hattenschwiler, A. Hausmann, J. D. Holloway, A. Kallies, O. Karsholt, A. Y. Kawahara, J. C. Koster, M. V. Kozlov, J. D. Lafontaine, G. Lamas, J.-F. Landry, S. Lee, M. Nuss, K.-T. Park, C. Penz, J. Rota, A. Schintlmeister, B. C. Schmidt, J.-C. Sohn, M. A. Solis, G. M. Tarmann, A. D. Warren, S. Weller, R. V. Yakovlev, V. V. Zolotuhin, and A. Zwick. 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758 (4 suborders) (15,578 genera, 157,424 species, 50/86). Zootaxa 3148:212–231.
Warren, A. D. 2005. Butterflies of Oregon: their taxonomy, distribution, and biology. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 408 pp.
Warren, A. D., J. R. Ogawa, and V. Z. Brower. 2008. Phylogenetic rela- tionships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics 24:1–35.
Weeden, C. R., A. M. Shelton, Y. Li, and M. P. Hoffman (editors). 2002. Biological Control: A guide to natural enemies in North America. Available at [website; accessed: 7 April 2003]: http://www.biocontrol. entomology.cornell.edu/index.php
Whalley, P. E. S., and J. B. Heppner. 1995. Thyrididae, pp. 31–34. In: J. B. Heppner (editor). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 2. Volume 3. Hyblaeoidea, Pyraloidea, Tortricoidea. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL.
Wilkinson, C. W., and M. J. Scoble. 1979. The Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) of Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 107:1–129. Wright, D. J. 2011. A new species of Eucosma Hübner (Tortricidae) related to E. dorsisignatana (Clemens) and E. similiana (Clemens). Journal of
the Lepidopterists’ Society 65:175–80.
Wright, J. D., and T. M. Gilligan. 2015. Eucosma Hübner of the contigu-
ous United States and Canada (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini).
Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Alamogordo, NM. 256pp. Yang, Z., J.-F. Landry, L. Handfield, Y. Zhang, M. A. Solis, D. Handfield, B. G. Scholtens, M. Mutanen, M. Nuss, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2012. DNA barcoding and morphology reveal three cryptic species of Anania (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Pyraustinae) in North America, all distinct from their European counterpart. Systematic Entomology 37:686–705. Young, C. J. 2006. Molecular relationships of the Australian Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and implications for the phylogeny of the
Geometridae from molecular data. Zootaxa 1264:1–147.
Zahiri, R., I. J. Kitching, J. D. Lafontaine, M. Mutanen, L. Kaila, J. D. Holloway, and N. Wahlberg. 2011. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family-level classification of the Noctuoidea
(Insecta: Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta 40:158–173.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with the Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia agree to the following terms:
-Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
-Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
-Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
